On the southern bank of the You River, a brass marker the size of a dinner plate is bolted to a Cambrian limestone outcrop. It marks the Guzhangian Stage — a defined interval of geological time, named after this county, approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences in 2008. Only eight such markers exist in China. The rock beneath it contains the first appearance of a trilobite called Lejopyge laevigata, a creature that lived when the land that is…

The You River runs for much of its length through the mountains of western Hunan, most of it inside the territory of the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and on its middle reaches, where it narrows between limestone cliffs and accelerates over gravel beds, the river produced a distinctive sound for at least two centuries: the call-and-response work songs of the boatmen who hauled cargo up the gorges. The songs had different names for different tasks — the oar…

Somewhere in the mountains west of the county seat, a stone wall runs along the ridgeline for 190 kilometers, snaking over peaks and through valleys in a line that looks, from a distance, like the Great Wall of China — but thinner, rougher, built of local granite instead of brick. This is the Miaojiang Southern Great Wall (also called the Miao Border Wall), a Ming dynasty fortification that was never meant to impress visitors. Its purpose was separation: on one…

The source of the Korean chili paste, the birthplace of Zeng Guofan and Cai Hesen, and one of China’s leading foundry clusters.

Where three provinces meet and the Long March turned west — a corridor of Dong drum towers, Danxia peaks, and songs that cross borders.

Morning on the Yuan River, and the water is the color of wet coal. A barge loaded with limestone drifts past the old dock at Chenxi, its engine coughing diesel smoke across a waterfront that — apart from the engine — has looked much the same for a hundred years: stone steps slick with river mist, a row of timber houses leaning into one another, a woman unloading bundles of greens from a flat-bottomed boat. Shen Congwen, who passed through…

Home to China’s largest outdoor stele forest on a 78-meter cliff, Qiju Opera (400 years older than Peking Opera), and the hometown of Vice Premier Tao Zhu.

The legendary burial place of the sage-king Shun, home to the Jiuyi Mountains and spot bamboo, the second-largest Confucian temple in China, and four Yao ethnic townships.

At Moon Rock, the mountain ridge opens like a wound. Three chambers cut through the limestone by water and time, the roof gone, so that standing at the eastern mouth on a clear morning you watch the light pour through the western opening like a blade — a band of gold that narrows, widens, and narrows again as the sun traces its arc across the sky. The local name comes from the shape: when viewed from the right angle, the…

A 90-percent-mountain county with one of China’s largest rhododendron seas, a 108-temple Buddhist peak, and the geographical source of Yongzhou’s name.

In the autumn of 1972, when Chairman Mao served Dong’an Chicken to Richard Nixon at a state banquet in Beijing, the dish arrived at the table already carrying more than a thousand years of history. Multiple origin stories compete for authenticity — one traces it to a Western Jin innkeeper around 290 CE who threw vinegar and chili into a wok of diced chicken; another to a Tang dynasty tavern run by three elderly women. Either way, the dish outlived…

Guidong, a county in Chenzhou on the eastern edge of Hunan, stands at 900 meters. In a province built on river plains and lowland basins, that elevation is the highest any county reaches. Twelve peaks here push above 2,000 meters. Almost five hundred rise past 1,000. The air at that height is thin enough to notice. A visitor arriving from Changsha — four hours south by road — steps out of the car into air that holds 46,000 negative oxygen…

At the vernal equinox each year, the county of Anren in southeastern Hunan holds a market that has no equivalent anywhere else in China. Farmers and herb traders from a hundred kilometers around converge on the county seat for the Ganfenshe — literally “the spring-equinox gathering” — a fair that has run continuously since the Song dynasty and is devoted almost entirely to the trading of medicinal roots, leaves, barks, and fungi. The scene has not changed much over the…

A border county where Zhou Dunyi conceived Neo-Confucianism, the Incense Dragon Dance is a national heritage, Jiulongjiang Forest holds 2,800 plant species, and the Red Army left half a quilt.